Physical, biological and human-induced effects on the reef fishes of Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29215/pecen.v1i1.175Resumo
Vários fatores têm o potencial de influenciar a distribuição e a composição das comunidades de peixes recifais. Entre os mais importantes estão a rugosidade, a exposição às ondas, a cobertura do substrato e as atividades humanas. O presente estudo avaliou a influência desses fatores nos peixes recifais de áreas com um gradiente de restrição a atividades humanas no arquipélago Fernando de Noronha, nordeste do Brasil e determinou suas importâncias relativas para a ecologia de peixes recifais. A rugosidade não influenciou a riqueza de peixes, mas influenciou o número de indivíduos, de jovens e de espécies residentes, enquanto a cobertura bêntica não pareceu ser um determinante importante para quaisquer das variáveis de peixes avaliadas. Esses resultados sugerem que a disponibilidade de abrigo (proteção física) é mais limitante que a disponibilidade de alimento (i.e. cobertura bêntica). Além disso, hidrodinamismo apresentou valores relativamente baixos, porém, influenciando negativamente os peixes. As atividades recreativas, apesar de aparentemente não-impactantes, tiveram um efeito negativo na abundância de peixes, com a área parcialmente protegida (Atalaia) mostrando uma estrutura semelhante à área não-protegida (Porto). Esses resultados sugerem que a presença humana, mesmo em áreas fiscalizadas, pode interferir na estrutura dos peixes recifais. É necessário uma proposta de gestão e de práticas de turismo de baixo impacto especialmente nas áreas parcialmente protegidas e não-protegidas.
Palavras chave: Oceano Atlântico, cobertura bêntica, peixes recifais, hidrodinamismo, turismo.
Abstract: Several factors have the potential to influence the distribution and composition of reef fish communities. Amongst the most important are rugosity, wave exposure, substrate cover and human activities. The present study evaluated the influence of these factors on reef fishes from sites following a gradient of human-induced effects on the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, northeast Brazil and determined their relative importance to reef fish ecology. Rugosity did not influence fish richness, but had a positive influence on number of individuals, juveniles and endemic species, whereas benthic cover did not seem to be an important determinant for any fish variable evaluated. These results suggest that availability of shelter (physical protection) is more limiting than availability of food (i.e. benthic cover). Furthermore, water flow showed somewhat low values, but even so, had negative effects on fish numbers. Recreational activities, albeit seemingly non-impacting, had a negative effect on fish abundance with the partially protected site (Atalaia) showing a similar community structure to the unrestricted site (Porto). These results suggest that human presence, even when supervised, may interfere on reef fish structure. Low-impact tourism practices are required especially in partially protected and unprotected areas.
Key words: Atlantic Ocean, benthic cover, reef fishes, hydrodynamics, tourism.
Referências
Almany G.R. (2004) Differential effects of habitat complexity, predators and competitors on abundance of juveniles and adult coral reef fishes. Oecologia, 141: 105−113.
Beauchamp K.A. & Gowing M.M. (1982) A quantitative assessment of human trampling effects on a rocky intertidal community. Marine Environmental Research, 7: 279−283.
Beets J.P. (1989) Experimental evaluation of fish recruitment to combinations of fish aggregating devices and benthic artificial reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44: 973−983.
Bell J.D. & Galzin R. (1984) Influence of live coral cover on coral reef fish communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 15: 265−274.
Bell J.D., Harmelin-Vivien M. & Galzin R. (1985) Large scale spatial variation .in the abundance of butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) on Polynesian reefs. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, 5: 421−426.
Björk M., Mohammed S.M., Björklund M. & Semesi A. (1995) Coralline algae, important coral-reef builders threatened by pollution. Ambio, 24: 502−505.
Bohnsack J.A., Ecklund A.M. & Szmant A.M. (1997) Artificial reef research: is there more than the attraction-production issue? Fisheries, 22: 14−16.
Bouchon-Navaro Y., Bouchon C. & Hannelin-Vivien M. (1985) Impact of coral degradation on a chaetodontid fish assemblage (Moorea. French Polynesia). Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Symposium, 5: 427−432.
Brosnan D.M. & Crumrine L.L. (1994) Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 177: 79−97.
Brown P.J. & Taylor R.B. (1999) Effects of trampling by humans on animals inhabiting coralline algal turf in the rocky intertidal. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 235: 45−53.
Carleton J.H. & Sammarco P.W. (1987) Effects of substratum irregularity on success of coral settlement: quantification by comparative geomorphological techniques. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40: 85−98.
Carpenter K.E., Miclat R.I., Albaladejo V.D. & Corpuz V.T. (1981) The influence of substrate structure on the local abundance and diversity of Philippine Reef Fishes. Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium, 4: 497−502.
Castro C.B. (2003) Coral reef in Brazil (p. 25−27). In: Prates A.P.L. (Ed.). Atlas of Coral Reef Protected Areas in Brazil. Brasília: MMA/SBF. 232 p.
Chabanet P., Ralambondrainy H., Amanieu M., Faure G. & Galzin R. (1997) Relationship between coral reef substrata and fish. Coral Reefs, 16: 93−102.
Connell S.D. & Jones G.P. (1991) The influence of habitat complexity on post-recruitment processes in a temperate reef fish population. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 151: 271−294.
Connell J.H., Hughes T.P. & Wallace C.C. (1997) A 30 year study of coral abundance, recruitment, and disturbance at several scales in space and time. Ecological Monographs, 67: 461−488.
Crisp D.J. & Barnes H. (1954) The orientation and distribution of barnacles at settlement with particular reference to surface contour. Journal of Animal Ecology, 23: 142−162.
Denny M.W. (1994) Roles of hydrodynamics in the study of life on wave-swept shores (p. 169−204). In: Wainwright P.C. & Reilly S.M. (Eds). Ecological morphology: integrative organismal biology. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. 376 p.
Denny C.M. & Babcock R.C. (2004) Do partial marine reserves protect reef fish assemblages? Biological Conservation, 116: 119−129.
Dollar S.J. (1982) Wave stress and coral community structure in Hawaii. Coral Reefs, 1: 71−81.
Eagle J.V., Jones G.P. & McCormick M.I. (2001) A multi-scale study of the relationships between habitat use and the distribution and abundance patterns of three coral reef angelfishes (Pomacanthidae). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 214: 253−265.
Eckrich C.E. & Holmquist J.G. (2000) Trampling in a seagrass assemblage: direct effects, response of associated fauna, and the role of substrate characteristics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 201: 199−209.
Eston R., Migotto A.E., Oliveira-Filho E.C., Rodrigues S.A. & Freitas J.C. (1986) Vertical distribution of benthic marine organisms on rocky coasts of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago (Brazil). Boletim do Instituto Oceanográfico, 34: 37−53.
Ferreira M.N. & Andrade L.P. (2012) Análise comportamental da comunidade de peixes em trilha aquática no rio Olho d´Água, Jardim, Mato Grosso do Sul. Revista Biociências, 18: 41−52.
Ferreira C.E.L., Goncalves J.E.A. & Coutinho R. (2001) Community structure of fishes and habitat complexity on a tropical rocky shore. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 61: 353−369.
Ferreira L.M., Jesus F. & Silva H.A. (1990) Plano de manejo do Parque Nacional Marinho de Fernando de Noronha. IBAMA: FUNATURA. 253 p.
Ferreira C.E.L., Floeter S.R., Gasparini J.L., Ferreira B.P. & Joyeux J.C. (2004) Trophic structure patterns of Brazilian reef fishes: a latitudinal comparison. Journal of Biogeography, 31: 1093−1106.
Floeter S.R. & Gasparini J.L. (2000) The southwestern Atlantic reef fish fauna: composition and zoogeographic patterns. Journal of Fish Biology, 56: 1099−1114.
Floeter S.R. & Gasparini J.L. (2001) The Brazilian endemic reef fishes. Coral Reefs, 19: 292.
Floeter S.R., Halpern B.S. & Ferreira C.E.L. (2006) Effects of fishing and protection on Brazilian reef fishes. Biological Conservation, 128: 391−402.
Floeter S.R., Krohling W., Gasparini J.L., Ferreira C.E.L. & Zalmon I.R. (2007) Reef fish community structure on coastal islands of the southeastern Brazil: the influence of exposure and benthic cover. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 78: 147−160.
Francour P., Harmelin J.G., Pollard D. & Sartoretto S. (2001) A review of marine protected areas in the northwestern Mediterranean region: siting, usage, zonation and management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 11: 155−188.
Friedlander A.M. & Parrish J.D. (1998) Habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on a Hawaiian coral reef. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 224: 1−30.
Friedlander A.M., Brown E.K., Jokiel P.L., Smith W.R. & Rodgers K.S. (2003) Effects of habitat, wave exposure and marine protected area status on coral reef fish assemblages in the Hawaiian archipelago. Coral Reefs, 22: 291−305.
Gratwicke B. & Speight M.R. (2005) The relationship between fish species richness, abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats. Journal of Fish Biology, 66: 650−667.
Grigg R.W. (1983) Community structure, succession and development of coral reefs in Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 11: 1−14.
Grigg R.W. (1994) Effects of sewage discharge, fishing pressure and habitat complexity on coral ecosystems and reef fishes in Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 103: 25−34.
Grossman G.D., Jones G.P. & Seaman-Jr. W.J. (1997) Do artificial reefs increase regional fish production? A review of existing data. Fisheries, 22: 17−23.
Hacker S.D. & Steneck R.S. (1990) Habitat architecture and the abundance and body-size-dependent habitat selection of a phytal amphipod. Ecology, 71: 2269−2285.
Hill T. & Lewicki P. (2007) Statistics: methods and applications. Tulsa: StatSoft. 800 p.
Hixon M.A. (1991) Predation as a process structuring coral reef fish communities (p. 475−508). In: Sale P.F. (Ed.). The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. San Diego: Academic Press. 754 p.
Hobson E.S. & Chess J.R. (1978) Trophic relationships among fishes and plankton in the lagoon at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Fisheries Bulletin, 76: 133−153.
Humann P. & DeLoach N. (2002) Reef fish identification: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. Miami: New World Publications. 548 p.
Ilarri M.I., Souza A.T., Medeiros P.R., Grempel R.G. & Rosa I.M.L. (2008) Effects of tourist visitation and supplementary feeding on fish assemblage composition on a tropical reef in the Southwestern Atlantic. Neotropical Ichthyology, 6: 651−656.
Krajewski J.P. & Floeter S.R. (2011) Reef fish community structure of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Equatorial Western Atlantic): the influence of exposure and benthic composition. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 92: 25−40.
Lewis A.R. (1997) Recruitment and post-recruit immigration affect the local population size of coral reef fishes. Coral Reefs, 16: 139−149.
Liddle M.J. (1991) Recreation ecology: effects of trampling on plants and corals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 6: 13−17.
Liddle M.J. & Kay A.M. (1987) Resistance, survival and recovery of trampled corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Biological Conservation, 42: 1−18.
Lieske E. & Myers R. (2001) Collins Pocket Guide: Coral Reef Fishes. London: Collins. 400 p.
Luckhurst B.E. & Luckhurst K. (1978) Analysis of the influence of substrate variables on coral reef fish communities. Marine Biology, 49: 317−323.
MacArthur R.H. & Levins R. (1964) Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 51: 1207−1210.
Maida M. & Ferreira B.P. (1997) Coral reefs of Brazil: an overview. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, 8: 263−274.
McCormick M.I. (1994) Comparison of field methods for measuring surface topography and their associations with a tropical reef fish assemblage. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 112: 87−96.
McManus J.W., Meñez L.A.B., Kesner-Reyes K.N., Vergara S.G. & Ablan M.C. (2000) Coral reef fishing and coral-algal phase shifts: implications for global reef status. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 572−578.
Medeiros P.R., Grempel R.G., Souza A.T., Ilarri M.I. & Sampaio C.L.S. (2007) Effects of recreational activities on the fish assemblage structure in a northestearn Brazilian reef. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 2: 288−300.
Medeiros P.R., Rosa R.S. & Francini-Filho R.B. (2011) Dynamics of fish assemblages on a continuous rocky reef and adjacent unconsolidated habitats at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, tropical western Atlantic. Neotropical Ichthyology, 9: 869−879.
Medio D., Ormond R.F.G. & Pearson M. (1997) Effects of briefings on rates of damage to corals by SCUBA divers. Biological Conservation, 79: 91−95.
Meier M.H., Buckley R. & Polovina J.J. (1989) A debate on responsible artificial reef development. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44: 1051−1057.
Milazzo M., Badalamenti F., Veja-Fernández T. & Chemello R. (2005) Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area. Marine Biology, 146: 1213−1222.
Ornellas A. & Coutinho R. (1998) Spatial and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance of a tropical fish assemblage in a seasonal Sargassum bed, Cabo Frio Island, Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 53: 198−208.
Randall J.E. (1967) Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies. Studies in Tropical Oceanography, 5: 665−847.
Risk M.J. (1972) Fish diversity on a coral reef in the Virgin Islands. Atoll Research Bulletin, 153: 1−6.
Roberts C.M. & Ormond R.F.G. (1987) Habitat complexity and coral reef fish diversity and abundance on Red Sea fringing reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 41: 1−8.
Rogers K.S. & Cox E.F. (2003) The effects of trampling on Hawaiian corals along a gradient of human use. Biological Conservation, 112: 383−389.
Rouphael A.B. & Inglis G.J. (1997) Impacts of recreational SCUBA diving at sites with different reef topographies. Biological Conservation, 82: 329−336.
Russel B.C., Talbot F.H. & Domm S. (1974) Patterns of colonization of artificial reefs by coral reef fishes. Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium, 1: 207−215.
Sale P.F. (1977) Maintenance of high diversity in coral reef fish communities. American Naturalist, 111: 337−359.
Sale P.F. (1978) Coexistence of coral reef fishes - a lottery for living space. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 3: 85−102.
Sale P.F. (1980) Assemblages of fishes on patch reefs, predictable or unpredictable? Environmental Biology of Fishes, 5: 243−249.
Sale P.F. & Douglas W.A. (1984) Temporal variability in the community structure of fish on coral patch reefs and the relation of community structure to reef structure. Ecology, 65: 409−422.
Smith C.L. & Tyler J.C. (1972) Space resource sharing in a coral fish community. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, 14: 125−170.
Sokal R.R. & Rohlf F.J. (1995) Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 887 p.
Statsoft. (2005) Statistica (data analysis software system). Version 7.1.
Talbot F.H., Russell B.C. & Anderson G.R.V. (1978) Coral reef fish communities: unstable, high diversity systems? Ecological Monographs, 48: 425−440.
Thresher R.E. (1983) Environmental correlates of the distribution of planktivorous fishes in the One Tree Reef Lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 10: 137−145.
Vroom P., Page K., Kenyon J. & Brainard R. (2006) Algae-dominated reefs. American Scientist, 94: 430.
Waldner R.E. & Robertson D.R. (1980) Patterns of habitat partitioning by eight species of territorial Caribbean damselfishes (Pisces: Pomacentridae). Bulletin of Marine Science, 30: 171−186.
Wellington G.M. & Victor B.C. (1985) El Nino mass coral mortality: a test of resource limitation in a coral reef damselfish population. Oecologia, 68: 15−19.
Westera M., Lavery P. & Hyndes G. (2003) Differences in recreationally targeted fishes between protected and fished areas of a coral reef marine park. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 294: 145−168.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos / Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
A) Autor(es) e o periódico mantêm os direitos da publicação; os autores concedem ao periódico o direito de primeira publicação, sendo vedada sua reprodução total ou parcial sob qualquer caráter de ineditismo; qualquer utilização subsequente de trechos de manuscritos (e.g., figuras, tabelas, gráficos etc.) publicados na Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciências Exatas e da Natureza deve reconhecer a autoria e publicação original / Author (s) and the journal maintain the rights of publication; the authors grant the journal the right of first publication, being prohibited their total or partial reproduction in any character of novelty; any subsequent use of excerpts from manuscripts (e.g., figures, tables, graphics, etc.) published in Research and Teaching in Exact and Natural Sciences must acknowledge the original authorship and publication.
B) Autores tem o direito de disseminar a própria publicação, podendo, inclusive disponibilizar o PDF final do trabalho em qualquer site institucional ou particular, bem como depositar a impressão da publicação em bibliotecas nacionais e internacionais / Authors have the right to disseminate the publication itself, and may also make available the final PDF of the work in any institutional or private site, as well as depositing the printing of the publication in national and international libraries.
